Historical Plausibility Project

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Historical Plausibility Project

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Neuralink Corporation
Private
IndustryBrain-computer interface
Neuroprosthetics
FoundedJuly 2016; 3 years ago[1]
FounderElon Musk[2][3]
Headquarters
San Francisco, California
,
Key people
OwnerElon Musk
Websiteneuralink.com

Neuralink Corporation is an American neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk and others, developing implantablebrain–machine interfaces (BMIs). The company's headquarters are in San Francisco;[5] it was started in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.[1][2]

Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile neuroscientists from various universities.[6] By July 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees.[7] At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a 'sewing machine-like' device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 μm in width[8]) threads into the brain, demonstrated a system that read information from a lab rat via 1,500 electrodes and anticipated to start experiments with humans in 2020.[7]

The Historical Plausibility Project Description. The goal of this mod originally was to help Hearts of Iron 3 reach its full potential as a half-historical, half-sandbox game. This is still our goal, but many other sub-projects have been undertaken since, including reworked technologies, unit characteristics, AI, improved game.

Company overview[edit]

Winrar disk full. Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk, Ben Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Max Hodak, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.[5]

In April 2017, a blog called Wait But Why reported that the company aims to make devices to treat serious brain diseases in the short-term, with the eventual goal of human enhancement, sometimes called transhumanism.[9][5][10] Musk said he got partly interested in the idea from a science fiction concept called 'neural lace' that is part of the fictional universe in The Culture, a series of 10 novels by Iain M. Banks.[10][11]

Musk defined the neural lace as a 'digital layer above the cortex' that would not necessarily imply extensive surgical insertion but ideally an implant through a vein or artery.[12] Musk explained that the long-term goal is to achieve 'symbiosis with artificial intelligence',[13] which Musk perceives as an existential threat to humanity if it goes unchecked.[13][14] At the present time, some neuroprosthetics can interpret brain signals and allow disabled people to control their prosthetic arms and legs. Musk aims to link that technology with implants that, instead of actuating movement, can interface at broadband speed with other types of external software and gadgets.[14]

As of 2018, Neuralink was headquartered in San Francisco's Mission District, sharing an office building with OpenAI, another company co-founded by Musk.[15] Musk was the majority owner of Neuralink as of September 2018, but did not hold an executive position.[16] The role of CEO Jared Birchall, who has also been listed as CFO and president of Neuralink, and as executive of various other companies Musk founded or co-founded, has been described as formal.[17][15] The trademark 'Neuralink' was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.[18]

Electrodes[edit]

By 2018, the company had 'remained highly secretive about its work since its launch', although public records showed that it had sought to open an animal testing facility in San Francisco; it subsequently started to carry out research at the University of California, Davis.[15]

Historical Plausibility Project

In July 2019, Neuralink held a live-streamed presentation at the California Academy of Sciences. The proposed future technology involves a module placed outside the head that wirelessly receives information from thin flexible electrode threads embedded in the brain.[8] The system could include 'as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads' each 4 to 6 μm in width.[8][19] The threads would be embedded by a robotic apparatus that would avoid damaging blood vessels.[8][20]

One engineering challenge is that the brain's chemical environment can cause many plastics to gradually deteriorate.[7] Another challenge to chronic electrode implants is the inflammatory reaction to brain implants.[21][22] Transmission of chemical messengers via neurons is impeded by a barrier-forming glial scar that occurs within weeks after insertion followed by progressive neurodegeneration, attenuating signal sensitivity.[22] Furthermore, the thin electrodes which Neuralink uses, are more likely to break than thicker electrodes, and currently cannot be removed when broken or when rendered useless after glial scar forming.[23] Meanwhile, the electrodes are still too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons.[23] This issue might get mitigated algorithmically, but this is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ abWinkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017). 'Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers'. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  2. ^ abStatt, Nick (March 27, 2017). 'Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI'. The Verge. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  3. ^5 Neuroscience Experts Weigh in on Elon Musk's Mysterious 'Neural Lace' CompanyArchived December 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) Eliza Strickland. Harvard University. 12 April 2017.
  4. ^Elon Musk Breaks Twitter Silence on Secretive A.I.-Brain Firm NeuralinkArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Mike Brown, Inverse. 27 November 2018.
  5. ^ abcMasunaga, Samantha (April 21, 2017). 'A quick guide to Elon Musk's new brain-implant company, Neuralink'. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  6. ^'Elon Musk's Brain Tech Startup Is Raising More Cash'. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  7. ^ abcMarkoff, John (July 16, 2019). 'Elon Musk's Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  8. ^ abcdElon Musk unveils Neuralink’s plans for brain-reading ‘threads’ and a robot to insert them.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Elizabeth Lopatto, The Verge. 16 July 2019.
  9. ^Urban, Tim (April 20, 2017). 'Neuralink and the Brain's Magical Future'. Wait But Why. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  10. ^ abNewitz, Annalee (March 27, 2017). 'Elon Musk is setting up a company that will link brains and computers'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  11. ^Cross, Tim (March 31, 2017). 'The novelist who inspired Elon Musk'. 1843 Magazine. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  12. ^Elon Musk thinks we will have to use AI this way to avoid a catastrophic futureArchived February 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Robert Ferris, CNBC News. 31 January 2017.
  13. ^ abElon Musk believes AI could turn humans into an endangered species like the mountain gorillaArchived December 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Isobel Asher Hamilton, Business Insider. 26 November 2018.
  14. ^ abEverything you need to know about Neuralink: Elon Musk’s brainy new ventureArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Tyler Lacoma, Digital Trends. 7 November 2017.
  15. ^ abcConger, Kate. 'Elon Musk's Neuralink Sought to Open an Animal Testing Facility in San Francisco'. Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  16. ^No-Action Letter: Neuralink CorpArchived July 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), October 16, 2018
  17. ^Oremus, April Glaser, Aaron Mak, Will (August 17, 2018). 'Why Elon Musk's Companies Aren't Melting Down, Even If He Is'. Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  18. ^Meet the Guys Who Sold 'Neuralink' to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It, April 4, 2017, MIT Technology Review
  19. ^Elon Musk’s Neuralink Aims to Merge Human Brain With A.I.Archived July 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Dinker, TechBrackets. 18 July 2019.
  20. ^Elon Musk's Neuralink Says It's Ready for Brain Surgery.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Ashlee Vance, Bloomberg. 16 July 2019.
  21. ^Why it's so hard to develop the right material for brain implants.Archived October 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Angela Chen, The Verge. 30 May2018.
  22. ^ ab'Understanding the Inflammatory Tissue Reaction to Brain Implants To Improve Neurochemical Sensing Performance.' Steven M. Wellman and Takashi D. Y. Kozai. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Dec 20; 8(12): 2578–2582. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00403
  23. ^ abc'Neuralink Paper Review - Numenta Research Meeting'. Numenta, Inc. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019 – via YouTube.

Further reading[edit]

  • Neuralink; Musk, Elon (July 17, 2019). 'An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels'. bioRxiv: 703801. doi:10.1101/703801. (whitepaper)

External links[edit]

  • Video recording of Neuralink's presentation on July 16, 2019
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&oldid=940016559'
(Redirected from Plausibility)

In sociology and especially the sociological study of religion, plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts for systems of meaning within which these meanings make sense, or are made plausible. Beliefs and meanings held by individuals and groups are supported by, and embedded in, sociocultural institutions and processes.

Origins[edit]

The term was coined by Peter L. Berger, who says he draws his meaning of it from the ideas of Karl Marx, G. H. Mead, and Alfred Schutz.[1] For Berger, the relation between plausibility structure and social 'world' is dialectical, the one supporting the other which, in turn, can react back upon the first. Social arrangements may help, say, a certain religious world appear self-evident. This religious outlook may then help to shape the arrangements that contributed to its rise.

Decline of religious plausibility[edit]

Berger was particularly concerned with the loss of plausibility of the sacred in a modernist/postmodern world.[2] Berger considered that history 'constructs and deconstructs plausibility structures', and that the plurality of modern social worlds was 'an important cause of the diminishing plausibility of religious traditions.'[3]

Criticism[edit]

Critics have argued that Berger pays too much attention to discourse analysis and not enough to the institutional frameworks that continue to support religious belief.[4]

Berger may also underestimate the role of self-selected reference groups in maintaining one's plausibility structures,[5] as well as the erosion of the modernist trend of secularization that took place with postmodernism.[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy - Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967) p. 45 and p. 192
  2. ^Peter Berger's the Homeless Mind thesis
  3. ^Peter Berger, A Rumour of Angels (1971) p. 121 and p. 61
  4. ^Robert Wuthnow, Rediscovering the Sacred (1992) p. 30
  5. ^E. R. Smith/D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (2007) p. 319-20
  6. ^T. R. Phillips/D. L. Okholm, Christian Apologetics in the Postmodern World (1995) p. 186

Further reading[edit]

  • Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
  • James W. Sire, Naming the elephant: worldview as a concept, InterVarsity Press, 2004, ISBN0-8308-2779-X, p. 112-113

External links[edit]

  • PLAUSIBILITY, Encyclopedia of Religion and Society

Fallout new vegas rifles.

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plausibility_structure&oldid=854644200'

Popular Posts

Neuralink Corporation
Private
IndustryBrain-computer interface
Neuroprosthetics
FoundedJuly 2016; 3 years ago[1]
FounderElon Musk[2][3]
Headquarters
San Francisco, California
,
Key people
OwnerElon Musk
Websiteneuralink.com

Neuralink Corporation is an American neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk and others, developing implantablebrain–machine interfaces (BMIs). The company\'s headquarters are in San Francisco;[5] it was started in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.[1][2]

Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile neuroscientists from various universities.[6] By July 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees.[7] At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a \'sewing machine-like\' device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 μm in width[8]) threads into the brain, demonstrated a system that read information from a lab rat via 1,500 electrodes and anticipated to start experiments with humans in 2020.[7]

The Historical Plausibility Project Description. The goal of this mod originally was to help Hearts of Iron 3 reach its full potential as a half-historical, half-sandbox game. This is still our goal, but many other sub-projects have been undertaken since, including reworked technologies, unit characteristics, AI, improved game.

Company overview[edit]

Winrar disk full. Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk, Ben Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Max Hodak, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.[5]

In April 2017, a blog called Wait But Why reported that the company aims to make devices to treat serious brain diseases in the short-term, with the eventual goal of human enhancement, sometimes called transhumanism.[9][5][10] Musk said he got partly interested in the idea from a science fiction concept called \'neural lace\' that is part of the fictional universe in The Culture, a series of 10 novels by Iain M. Banks.[10][11]

Musk defined the neural lace as a \'digital layer above the cortex\' that would not necessarily imply extensive surgical insertion but ideally an implant through a vein or artery.[12] Musk explained that the long-term goal is to achieve \'symbiosis with artificial intelligence\',[13] which Musk perceives as an existential threat to humanity if it goes unchecked.[13][14] At the present time, some neuroprosthetics can interpret brain signals and allow disabled people to control their prosthetic arms and legs. Musk aims to link that technology with implants that, instead of actuating movement, can interface at broadband speed with other types of external software and gadgets.[14]

As of 2018, Neuralink was headquartered in San Francisco\'s Mission District, sharing an office building with OpenAI, another company co-founded by Musk.[15] Musk was the majority owner of Neuralink as of September 2018, but did not hold an executive position.[16] The role of CEO Jared Birchall, who has also been listed as CFO and president of Neuralink, and as executive of various other companies Musk founded or co-founded, has been described as formal.[17][15] The trademark \'Neuralink\' was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.[18]

Electrodes[edit]

By 2018, the company had \'remained highly secretive about its work since its launch\', although public records showed that it had sought to open an animal testing facility in San Francisco; it subsequently started to carry out research at the University of California, Davis.[15]

\'Historical

In July 2019, Neuralink held a live-streamed presentation at the California Academy of Sciences. The proposed future technology involves a module placed outside the head that wirelessly receives information from thin flexible electrode threads embedded in the brain.[8] The system could include \'as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads\' each 4 to 6 μm in width.[8][19] The threads would be embedded by a robotic apparatus that would avoid damaging blood vessels.[8][20]

One engineering challenge is that the brain\'s chemical environment can cause many plastics to gradually deteriorate.[7] Another challenge to chronic electrode implants is the inflammatory reaction to brain implants.[21][22] Transmission of chemical messengers via neurons is impeded by a barrier-forming glial scar that occurs within weeks after insertion followed by progressive neurodegeneration, attenuating signal sensitivity.[22] Furthermore, the thin electrodes which Neuralink uses, are more likely to break than thicker electrodes, and currently cannot be removed when broken or when rendered useless after glial scar forming.[23] Meanwhile, the electrodes are still too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons.[23] This issue might get mitigated algorithmically, but this is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ abWinkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers\'. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  2. ^ abStatt, Nick (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI\'. The Verge. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  3. ^5 Neuroscience Experts Weigh in on Elon Musk\'s Mysterious \'Neural Lace\' CompanyArchived December 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) Eliza Strickland. Harvard University. 12 April 2017.
  4. ^Elon Musk Breaks Twitter Silence on Secretive A.I.-Brain Firm NeuralinkArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Mike Brown, Inverse. 27 November 2018.
  5. ^ abcMasunaga, Samantha (April 21, 2017). \'A quick guide to Elon Musk\'s new brain-implant company, Neuralink\'. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  6. ^\'Elon Musk\'s Brain Tech Startup Is Raising More Cash\'. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  7. ^ abcMarkoff, John (July 16, 2019). \'Elon Musk\'s Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet\'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  8. ^ abcdElon Musk unveils Neuralink’s plans for brain-reading ‘threads’ and a robot to insert them.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Elizabeth Lopatto, The Verge. 16 July 2019.
  9. ^Urban, Tim (April 20, 2017). \'Neuralink and the Brain\'s Magical Future\'. Wait But Why. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  10. ^ abNewitz, Annalee (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk is setting up a company that will link brains and computers\'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  11. ^Cross, Tim (March 31, 2017). \'The novelist who inspired Elon Musk\'. 1843 Magazine. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  12. ^Elon Musk thinks we will have to use AI this way to avoid a catastrophic futureArchived February 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Robert Ferris, CNBC News. 31 January 2017.
  13. ^ abElon Musk believes AI could turn humans into an endangered species like the mountain gorillaArchived December 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Isobel Asher Hamilton, Business Insider. 26 November 2018.
  14. ^ abEverything you need to know about Neuralink: Elon Musk’s brainy new ventureArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Tyler Lacoma, Digital Trends. 7 November 2017.
  15. ^ abcConger, Kate. \'Elon Musk\'s Neuralink Sought to Open an Animal Testing Facility in San Francisco\'. Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  16. ^No-Action Letter: Neuralink CorpArchived July 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), October 16, 2018
  17. ^Oremus, April Glaser, Aaron Mak, Will (August 17, 2018). \'Why Elon Musk\'s Companies Aren\'t Melting Down, Even If He Is\'. Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  18. ^Meet the Guys Who Sold \'Neuralink\' to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It, April 4, 2017, MIT Technology Review
  19. ^Elon Musk’s Neuralink Aims to Merge Human Brain With A.I.Archived July 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Dinker, TechBrackets. 18 July 2019.
  20. ^Elon Musk\'s Neuralink Says It\'s Ready for Brain Surgery.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Ashlee Vance, Bloomberg. 16 July 2019.
  21. ^Why it\'s so hard to develop the right material for brain implants.Archived October 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Angela Chen, The Verge. 30 May2018.
  22. ^ ab\'Understanding the Inflammatory Tissue Reaction to Brain Implants To Improve Neurochemical Sensing Performance.\' Steven M. Wellman and Takashi D. Y. Kozai. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Dec 20; 8(12): 2578–2582. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00403
  23. ^ abc\'Neuralink Paper Review - Numenta Research Meeting\'. Numenta, Inc. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019 – via YouTube.

Further reading[edit]

  • Neuralink; Musk, Elon (July 17, 2019). \'An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels\'. bioRxiv: 703801. doi:10.1101/703801. (whitepaper)

External links[edit]

  • Video recording of Neuralink\'s presentation on July 16, 2019
Retrieved from \'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&oldid=940016559\'
(Redirected from Plausibility)

In sociology and especially the sociological study of religion, plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts for systems of meaning within which these meanings make sense, or are made plausible. Beliefs and meanings held by individuals and groups are supported by, and embedded in, sociocultural institutions and processes.

Origins[edit]

The term was coined by Peter L. Berger, who says he draws his meaning of it from the ideas of Karl Marx, G. H. Mead, and Alfred Schutz.[1] For Berger, the relation between plausibility structure and social \'world\' is dialectical, the one supporting the other which, in turn, can react back upon the first. Social arrangements may help, say, a certain religious world appear self-evident. This religious outlook may then help to shape the arrangements that contributed to its rise.

Decline of religious plausibility[edit]

Berger was particularly concerned with the loss of plausibility of the sacred in a modernist/postmodern world.[2] Berger considered that history \'constructs and deconstructs plausibility structures\', and that the plurality of modern social worlds was \'an important cause of the diminishing plausibility of religious traditions.\'[3]

Criticism[edit]

Critics have argued that Berger pays too much attention to discourse analysis and not enough to the institutional frameworks that continue to support religious belief.[4]

Berger may also underestimate the role of self-selected reference groups in maintaining one\'s plausibility structures,[5] as well as the erosion of the modernist trend of secularization that took place with postmodernism.[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy - Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967) p. 45 and p. 192
  2. ^Peter Berger\'s the Homeless Mind thesis
  3. ^Peter Berger, A Rumour of Angels (1971) p. 121 and p. 61
  4. ^Robert Wuthnow, Rediscovering the Sacred (1992) p. 30
  5. ^E. R. Smith/D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (2007) p. 319-20
  6. ^T. R. Phillips/D. L. Okholm, Christian Apologetics in the Postmodern World (1995) p. 186

Further reading[edit]

  • Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
  • James W. Sire, Naming the elephant: worldview as a concept, InterVarsity Press, 2004, ISBN0-8308-2779-X, p. 112-113

External links[edit]

  • PLAUSIBILITY, Encyclopedia of Religion and Society

Fallout new vegas rifles.

Retrieved from \'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plausibility_structure&oldid=854644200\'
...'>Historical Plausibility Project(16.02.2020)
  • laserqplus.netlify.com › 〓 Historical Plausibility Project
    • Neuralink Corporation
    Private
    IndustryBrain-computer interface
    Neuroprosthetics
    FoundedJuly 2016; 3 years ago[1]
    FounderElon Musk[2][3]
    Headquarters
    San Francisco, California
    ,
    Key people
    OwnerElon Musk
    Websiteneuralink.com

    Neuralink Corporation is an American neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk and others, developing implantablebrain–machine interfaces (BMIs). The company\'s headquarters are in San Francisco;[5] it was started in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.[1][2]

    Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile neuroscientists from various universities.[6] By July 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees.[7] At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a \'sewing machine-like\' device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 μm in width[8]) threads into the brain, demonstrated a system that read information from a lab rat via 1,500 electrodes and anticipated to start experiments with humans in 2020.[7]

    The Historical Plausibility Project Description. The goal of this mod originally was to help Hearts of Iron 3 reach its full potential as a half-historical, half-sandbox game. This is still our goal, but many other sub-projects have been undertaken since, including reworked technologies, unit characteristics, AI, improved game.

    Company overview[edit]

    Winrar disk full. Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk, Ben Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Max Hodak, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.[5]

    In April 2017, a blog called Wait But Why reported that the company aims to make devices to treat serious brain diseases in the short-term, with the eventual goal of human enhancement, sometimes called transhumanism.[9][5][10] Musk said he got partly interested in the idea from a science fiction concept called \'neural lace\' that is part of the fictional universe in The Culture, a series of 10 novels by Iain M. Banks.[10][11]

    Musk defined the neural lace as a \'digital layer above the cortex\' that would not necessarily imply extensive surgical insertion but ideally an implant through a vein or artery.[12] Musk explained that the long-term goal is to achieve \'symbiosis with artificial intelligence\',[13] which Musk perceives as an existential threat to humanity if it goes unchecked.[13][14] At the present time, some neuroprosthetics can interpret brain signals and allow disabled people to control their prosthetic arms and legs. Musk aims to link that technology with implants that, instead of actuating movement, can interface at broadband speed with other types of external software and gadgets.[14]

    As of 2018, Neuralink was headquartered in San Francisco\'s Mission District, sharing an office building with OpenAI, another company co-founded by Musk.[15] Musk was the majority owner of Neuralink as of September 2018, but did not hold an executive position.[16] The role of CEO Jared Birchall, who has also been listed as CFO and president of Neuralink, and as executive of various other companies Musk founded or co-founded, has been described as formal.[17][15] The trademark \'Neuralink\' was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.[18]

    Electrodes[edit]

    By 2018, the company had \'remained highly secretive about its work since its launch\', although public records showed that it had sought to open an animal testing facility in San Francisco; it subsequently started to carry out research at the University of California, Davis.[15]

    \'Historical

    In July 2019, Neuralink held a live-streamed presentation at the California Academy of Sciences. The proposed future technology involves a module placed outside the head that wirelessly receives information from thin flexible electrode threads embedded in the brain.[8] The system could include \'as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads\' each 4 to 6 μm in width.[8][19] The threads would be embedded by a robotic apparatus that would avoid damaging blood vessels.[8][20]

    One engineering challenge is that the brain\'s chemical environment can cause many plastics to gradually deteriorate.[7] Another challenge to chronic electrode implants is the inflammatory reaction to brain implants.[21][22] Transmission of chemical messengers via neurons is impeded by a barrier-forming glial scar that occurs within weeks after insertion followed by progressive neurodegeneration, attenuating signal sensitivity.[22] Furthermore, the thin electrodes which Neuralink uses, are more likely to break than thicker electrodes, and currently cannot be removed when broken or when rendered useless after glial scar forming.[23] Meanwhile, the electrodes are still too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons.[23] This issue might get mitigated algorithmically, but this is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.[23]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ abWinkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers\'. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
    2. ^ abStatt, Nick (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI\'. The Verge. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
    3. ^5 Neuroscience Experts Weigh in on Elon Musk\'s Mysterious \'Neural Lace\' CompanyArchived December 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) Eliza Strickland. Harvard University. 12 April 2017.
    4. ^Elon Musk Breaks Twitter Silence on Secretive A.I.-Brain Firm NeuralinkArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Mike Brown, Inverse. 27 November 2018.
    5. ^ abcMasunaga, Samantha (April 21, 2017). \'A quick guide to Elon Musk\'s new brain-implant company, Neuralink\'. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
    6. ^\'Elon Musk\'s Brain Tech Startup Is Raising More Cash\'. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
    7. ^ abcMarkoff, John (July 16, 2019). \'Elon Musk\'s Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet\'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
    8. ^ abcdElon Musk unveils Neuralink’s plans for brain-reading ‘threads’ and a robot to insert them.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Elizabeth Lopatto, The Verge. 16 July 2019.
    9. ^Urban, Tim (April 20, 2017). \'Neuralink and the Brain\'s Magical Future\'. Wait But Why. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
    10. ^ abNewitz, Annalee (March 27, 2017). \'Elon Musk is setting up a company that will link brains and computers\'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
    11. ^Cross, Tim (March 31, 2017). \'The novelist who inspired Elon Musk\'. 1843 Magazine. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
    12. ^Elon Musk thinks we will have to use AI this way to avoid a catastrophic futureArchived February 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Robert Ferris, CNBC News. 31 January 2017.
    13. ^ abElon Musk believes AI could turn humans into an endangered species like the mountain gorillaArchived December 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Isobel Asher Hamilton, Business Insider. 26 November 2018.
    14. ^ abEverything you need to know about Neuralink: Elon Musk’s brainy new ventureArchived December 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Tyler Lacoma, Digital Trends. 7 November 2017.
    15. ^ abcConger, Kate. \'Elon Musk\'s Neuralink Sought to Open an Animal Testing Facility in San Francisco\'. Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
    16. ^No-Action Letter: Neuralink CorpArchived July 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), October 16, 2018
    17. ^Oremus, April Glaser, Aaron Mak, Will (August 17, 2018). \'Why Elon Musk\'s Companies Aren\'t Melting Down, Even If He Is\'. Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
    18. ^Meet the Guys Who Sold \'Neuralink\' to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It, April 4, 2017, MIT Technology Review
    19. ^Elon Musk’s Neuralink Aims to Merge Human Brain With A.I.Archived July 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Dinker, TechBrackets. 18 July 2019.
    20. ^Elon Musk\'s Neuralink Says It\'s Ready for Brain Surgery.Archived July 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Ashlee Vance, Bloomberg. 16 July 2019.
    21. ^Why it\'s so hard to develop the right material for brain implants.Archived October 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Angela Chen, The Verge. 30 May2018.
    22. ^ ab\'Understanding the Inflammatory Tissue Reaction to Brain Implants To Improve Neurochemical Sensing Performance.\' Steven M. Wellman and Takashi D. Y. Kozai. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Dec 20; 8(12): 2578–2582. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00403
    23. ^ abc\'Neuralink Paper Review - Numenta Research Meeting\'. Numenta, Inc. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019 – via YouTube.

    Further reading[edit]

    • Neuralink; Musk, Elon (July 17, 2019). \'An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels\'. bioRxiv: 703801. doi:10.1101/703801. (whitepaper)

    External links[edit]

    • Video recording of Neuralink\'s presentation on July 16, 2019
    Retrieved from \'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&oldid=940016559\'
    (Redirected from Plausibility)

    In sociology and especially the sociological study of religion, plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts for systems of meaning within which these meanings make sense, or are made plausible. Beliefs and meanings held by individuals and groups are supported by, and embedded in, sociocultural institutions and processes.

    Origins[edit]

    The term was coined by Peter L. Berger, who says he draws his meaning of it from the ideas of Karl Marx, G. H. Mead, and Alfred Schutz.[1] For Berger, the relation between plausibility structure and social \'world\' is dialectical, the one supporting the other which, in turn, can react back upon the first. Social arrangements may help, say, a certain religious world appear self-evident. This religious outlook may then help to shape the arrangements that contributed to its rise.

    Decline of religious plausibility[edit]

    Berger was particularly concerned with the loss of plausibility of the sacred in a modernist/postmodern world.[2] Berger considered that history \'constructs and deconstructs plausibility structures\', and that the plurality of modern social worlds was \'an important cause of the diminishing plausibility of religious traditions.\'[3]

    Criticism[edit]

    Critics have argued that Berger pays too much attention to discourse analysis and not enough to the institutional frameworks that continue to support religious belief.[4]

    Berger may also underestimate the role of self-selected reference groups in maintaining one\'s plausibility structures,[5] as well as the erosion of the modernist trend of secularization that took place with postmodernism.[6]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy - Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967) p. 45 and p. 192
    2. ^Peter Berger\'s the Homeless Mind thesis
    3. ^Peter Berger, A Rumour of Angels (1971) p. 121 and p. 61
    4. ^Robert Wuthnow, Rediscovering the Sacred (1992) p. 30
    5. ^E. R. Smith/D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (2007) p. 319-20
    6. ^T. R. Phillips/D. L. Okholm, Christian Apologetics in the Postmodern World (1995) p. 186

    Further reading[edit]

    • Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
    • James W. Sire, Naming the elephant: worldview as a concept, InterVarsity Press, 2004, ISBN0-8308-2779-X, p. 112-113

    External links[edit]

    • PLAUSIBILITY, Encyclopedia of Religion and Society

    Fallout new vegas rifles.

    Retrieved from \'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plausibility_structure&oldid=854644200\'
    ...'>Historical Plausibility Project(16.02.2020)